The hole in the center of doughnuts became popular mainly to help them cook more evenly. In earlier times, thick doughnuts often remained undercooked or raw in the middle while the outside became fully fried. Creating a hole allowed hot oil to cook the dough more evenly from all sides, giving a softer texture and better shape.
There are different stories about who first popularized the hole, but one famous story credits American sailor Hanson Gregory in the 19th century. Today, the hole has also become part of the classic doughnut design and branding. Honestly, without the hole, many traditional doughnuts would probably be heavier and less evenly cooked.
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