While self-enumeration is innovative, it excludes millions lacking internet access or smartphones.
Self enumeration census India assumes digital literacy and device ownership: privileges many don't have. Rural populations, elderly citizens, and extremely poor families might struggle with online portals despite 16-language support.
Technical glitches could prevent successful submission. Government estimates of self-enumeration adoption might be inflated, leaving disadvantaged populations still dependent on physical enumerator visits.
True inclusive census requires acknowledging that optional online still creates two-tier access: privileged people with easy digital options versus marginalized people forced into face-to-face enumeration.
