What are the functions of mast cells?

Mast cells belong to the immune cells that have a significant function in fighting infection. Mast cells are produced in bone marrow from where they move towards the bloodstream. Mast cells, once matured, reside in tissue throughout the body and help the body protect from any foreign elements. The foreign invaders can include pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins from fungal infection, venom or bee stings. Mast cells fight against any particles that they think are harmful. Common examples include dust or seasonal allergies. 

The activation of the mast cell follows a systematic path. They act as guards that use surface receptors to receive immune signals. When the body’s B cells mark any invaders, it rapidly creates immunoglobulins to fight against invaders. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a specific cell that alerts mast cells. In the second instance, when similar invaders enter in body, IgE traps the particles. This activates mast cells. 

On activation, mast cells release histamine that leads to various consequences, including:

• Open and break blood vessels and connective tissue, which allows immune cells to reach the area.

• Tissues get filled with fluid, causing swelling, so that the foreign material moves out of the lymph nodes.

• Secretes mucus

• Constricts smooth muscles lining the airways, stomach, and intestines. It exploits peristalsis movement to push out the foreign element from the body. 

Mast cells consist of histamine (allergic reaction), proteases (enzymes that break down proteins), specific cytokines and chemokines (immune signalling), and heparin (prevents blood clotting).

Common disorders associated with mast cells include allergies, hives, asthma, etc., which result in swelling or redness on the skin, anaphylaxis episodes, shortness of breath, etc.